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Shady maple smorgasbord buffet prices8/12/2023 “We have the largest store in Lancaster County, and we are at auction numerous times a week for produce from local farmers and from Philadelphia. “We are known for our variety, freshness and pricing,” he continues. There also is a regular grocery store in the middle of the store. The bakery goods are all made in-house, and with the meat section, people travel from all over the Mid Atlantic because our own in-house butchers smoke all of our meat, from bacon to chicken to sausage to scrapple. “There are soup and salad offerings, there are more than 100 and they are made in house. “We have the largest and freshest produce section in possibly all of Pennsylvania,” Gehr says. The Farm Market’s on-location smokehouse also provides nearly 100 varieties of high-quality smoked meats. In addition to a large variety of local produce, the Farm Market offers more than 300 items made from scratch in its bakery by its more than 100 bakery employees. The Farm Market will celebrate its 50th anniversary next year, and continues the values on which it was founded – providing the highest-quality products and services at the best value. From ownership to employees to our customers, we really speak family.”īased in East Earl, Pa., Shady Maple Companies is known for the Shady Maple Farm Market and the Shady Maple Smorgasbord and Gift Shop, although the company also operates the Central Market in Lancaster, Pa., and the Amish Market in Hanover, Pa. You pay, sit and the dining time is yours, and people really enjoy that family atmosphere you can’t get anywhere else. With the smorgasbord, we can sit 1,200 people at a time, so you can bring in a group of six to 15 and you can all sit together. “Our employees are consistent too – we have people who have been here for more than 20 years. ![]() “We are known for our quality and freshness, and that is from the consistency of a family owned business,” Gehr says. This promotion costs the Shady Maple Companies a lot by giving away that many meals each year, but Marketing and Sales Manager John Gehr explains this was the best marketing decision Founder Marvin Weaver ever made because it attracts people from down the road as well as from hours away. Shady Maple gave out more than 97,000 free birthday meals last year. If you dine at the Shady Maple Smorgasbord on your birthday along with a paying adult, you get your meal for free. Long-term family ownership ensures Shady Maple Companies maintains the values of quality, freshness and customer satisfaction in every part of its business.
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Das erste one mediathek8/11/2023 ![]() You will only need a good Internet connection to avoid interruptions during playback. Thus, in a matter of seconds, you'll be able to watch any broadcast from your Android terminal.ĭownload ARD Mediathek's APK for Android and watch online and free contents of this German channel. It will be enough to navigate the main menu to get the most outstanding content of the moment. One essential aspects of ARD Mediathek is that the platform features a simple and intuitive interface. Through this channel and ZDF, German citizens can follow the course of the most important soccer competition live. Mitten im norwegischen Nirgendwo passiert ziemlich wenig, und der eigene Ehemann geht lieber auf die Jagd als mit Kaja ins Bett. Dabei hat sie in ihrem Leben als Hausfrau und Mutter eigentlich nichts zu lachen. programmes and livestreams of das Erste, third programs (BR, HR, MDR, NDR, RBB. Filme ONE Ab 12 Ausstrahlung auch im norwegischen Originalton Kaja ist Optimistin mit Leib und Seele. Weitere Neuerungen fr das Profil sind schon in Arbeit ARD-Login lohnt sich Other. This network also has the rights to certain events of great interest, such as the Qatar 2022 World Cup. ARD Mediathek 10.4.0 latest version XAPK (APK Bundle) Download by ARD. Nur fr angemeldete User: Die neuen Profil-Symbole ersetzen die Initialen. Das Passwort muss mindestens 8 Zeichen lang sein und mindestens eine Zahl enthalten. In ARD Mediathek, you will not only find hundreds of movies or series that have been previously broadcasted. All with great broadcast quality and the option to watch live or on-demand any content on the grid. The first ARD channel offers different programs, movies and series to keep you entertained from the comfort of your smartphone. ![]() ![]() from Monday to Friday: The first one just before Brisant Prominent starts. ARD Mediathek is the official app of the German TV channel Das Erste. Very exclusive: The single spot at Das Erste gives your product a unique.
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Queen montessori floor bed with rails8/11/2023 So these ended up being about 15 15/16” long. NOTE: The dowels were exactly 48” long, so in order to get three equal length dowels from each piece, I had to cut them SLIGHTLY under 16” to account for the blade kerf when making the cuts. Then, I sanded these pieces really well, and cut my dowels to roughly 16” long. Once all the holes were drilled, I pulled out my pocket hole jig and drilled 1 ½″ pocket holes into the ends of the 2×4 and one on each end across the top side of the 2×2 piece. You could use a stop collar to be extra precise if you wanted, but it’s not super critical as long as you are pretty consistent. I drilled until the cutter head was flush with the top of the board for each hole (it was about ⅜″ deep). Once all my dowel locations were marked, I used a ¾” forstener bit to drill out each location. I clamped the top and bottom pieces together and transferred the marks to each piece so they’d match perfectly. Then, I set my Multi-Mark to 4 ¼” and made several marks out from this center point down the length of the boards all 4 ¼” apart. NOTE: For each side panel of this bed, to make things easier, I used an odd number of dowels so that I could start in the center and go out from there marking where my dowels would go. Then, I marked the center (17 ½″ from each end). I set it to mark ¾” offset and drew a line down the middle of each of these pieces on the narrow side. I used this handy Kreg Multi-Mark tool for making most of my marks. Prefer to print? Grab the printable building plans here! Encourage self-determination and independence of spirit with your children, all thanks to a Montessori bed.I began assembling the side panels first by cutting a piece of 2×2 and a piece of 2×4 to 35″ long for the top and bottom (You need one of each PER SIDE, so two of each total). It can encourage children to make their beds and put themselves down as well. Being on the floor, if they roll out, they won’t hurt themselves. It is a floor bed with no railings around it, so a child can get into and out of bed independently. In this way, you can buy some floor beds from My Happy Helpers. The Montessori philosophy is giving children the freedom to move and learn, and then they will grow independently. It can keep them safe in bed, stopping them from rolling out, but they are still able to get up and out of bed on their own accord. ![]() Having rails around the bed, as opposed to the bars of a crib, is a good compromise. You can consider a small pillow to sleep with. The transition from cot to bed can be dicey, so it's good to have the ability to shift back. It needs to be able to fit a cot, in case the toddler needs to be put back into the crib. You need to consider the size of a toddler mattress. You need them to have the best night’s sleep after all the learning and play they do each day. Buy the coolest bed for your child, for when they’re toddlers, or young kids hitting primary school. As they get older and grow a little bit taller, you can graduate them into a bigger bed. Make sure the bedroom is a fun place to play and rest with a brightly coloured bed and bedclothes. ![]() Browse our range of toddler beds, with fun themes and colourful sheets to match. ![]() My Happy Helpers have beds for your children from the very young to the big kids entering school. What are the different types of kids beds? You can hang mobiles from the bed frames, and decorate them with dinosaur stickers. My Happy Helpers has some kid beds which make the transition fun and safe. It can be a scary experience, moving from a cot with protective bars to a big bed where you could easily just roll off. ![]() Learning to ride a bike, learn to run, and get their own bed. There are signpost moments in a kid’s life.
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Devour tour8/11/2023 Join us Mon-Fri between 11.30am - 2.30pm to devour a Donburi Rice Bowl with. When all is said, done, and eaten, you’ll have the confidence and knowledge to navigate an Italian wine list and eat among the locals at any of Rome’s authentic restaurants. Take a culinary tour through neon-lit Tokyo, sail a flavour-filled boat down. ![]() One thing I love about Devour is that they focus on partnerships with small or family businesses. ![]() In fact, they are so popular that you can take tours with them not just in Madrid, but in many of the most popular cities throughout Spain. Before going our separate ways, we'll wrap up our Trastevere food tour at a gelateria for a cup or cone of artisanal Italian gelato. Devour Tours is known as the best food tour company in Spain. Your evening continues with a delicious pasta dinner at one of Trastevere’s most historic restaurants, complete with plenty more wine to wash it all down. Enjoy a dinner of classic Roman pasta and wine. You'll also learn some tips on how to pair wine with food in Italy-and they'll come in handy back home, too. Time for more wine? We thought so, too! At our next stop, you’ll try two different kinds paired with a selection of homemade bruschetta. MNRK Music Group On Thursday nights Loudwire Nights (May 25), Pop Evil frontman Leigh Kakaty joined Chuck Armstrong to talk about his bands latest album, Skeletons. This spot is constantly packed with Romans from all walks of life, who stop by for a quick morning coffee, a refreshing spritz in the evening (as we’ll do now!), and everything in between. Then it’s time to discover one of Trastevere’s liveliest and most storied bars. We'll stop to try these delicious fried rice balls at a humble restaurant that's been making the best in the neighborhood for over 40 years. Next, we'll move on to one of Rome's most beloved aperitivo snacks: supplì. Check the Includes section on your tour for more details on what you can expect. Learn how to sip, snack, and even pair wine in true Italian style. Most of our tours include a full meal which is enough for 99.9 of our guests to feel comfortably full by the end of the tour. Pair the bubbly with some of our favorite antipasto bites and begin your crash course in Italian aperitivo. We’ll start our evening at a relaxed neighborhood shop with a glass of prosecco in hand. ![]() Let us show you five of the spots Romans love best on this unforgettable Trastevere food tour-with plenty of fantastic food and wine along the way! But if you’re overwhelmed by the sheer number of options for where to eat and drink, you’re not alone. Trastevere has long been a point of reference in Rome for where to spend a fun evening out. Spend an evening exploring Rome’s picturesque Trastevere neighborhood on a food tour. Regardless of where your tour goes, you always have a delicious experience. Please note that this description is an example and stops or tastes may vary depending on the season, day of the week, and group size.
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Splunk transaction time query8/11/2023 ![]() the results, set the priority of the email, give a message i.e. For instance to whom you want to send the email, if you want to keep anyone in cc/bcc, change the subject line (by default its "Splunk Results"), sendpdf(true or false) i.e. you just need to pass a couple of values to it. SENDEMAIL: This command helps you to send an email straight away from the search head itself. Another thing to notice is useother, this option specifies whether to merge all of the values which are not included in the results into a single new value called OTHER, accepted values t(true) or f(false).In this case, each bar(or line chart) in the bar graph will be of 5 mins. If you will notice, there is something called span (length of time for which the statistics are considered).Above query will help to create a timechart with respect to a specific field(it this case its action) from the events.Example: index=_audit | timechart span=5m count by action useother=f. ![]() TIMECHART: Helps you to create a time series chart with respect to event statistics. The output will be something like this $98,622.96.Above example is converting the value which is there in "avg_revenue" to a string which consists of '$' and 'commas'.Example: | eval "Average Revenue" = " $" + tostring(avg_revenue, " commas").let's say if the input value is a number, it re-formats and changes it to a string, on the other hand, lets say if the input value is boolean, it returns either "True" or "False". TOSTRING: Helps to convert an input value to a string. Round the value down to the nearest whole integer.Īpart from this, there are other functions as well which are used by eval command, for instance, pi(), sqrt() etc.Example: | eval Average= floor(Average).Give the output with the maximum possible number of decimal values.Example: | eval Average= exact(Average).Round the value up to the next highest integer.
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Chainmonsters play to earn8/11/2023 ![]() The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. ![]() The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". The views and opinions expressed in this article are the author’s own and do not necessarily reflect those of CoinMarketCap.The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. This article is not intended as, and shall not be construed as, financial advice. It is important to do your own research and analysis before making any material decisions related to any of the products or services described. This article is intended to be used and must be used for informational purposes only. CoinMarketCap is providing these links to you only as a convenience, and the inclusion of any link does not imply endorsement, approval or recommendation by CoinMarketCap of the site or any association with its operators. The Third-Party Sites are not under the control of CoinMarketCap, and CoinMarketCap is not responsible for the content of any Third-Party Site, including without limitation any link contained in a Third-Party Site, or any changes or updates to a Third-Party Site. This article contains links to third-party websites or other content for information purposes only (“Third-Party Sites”). The free-to-play P2E games level the playing field and expose the average individual to the fast-growing NFT game economy. As mentioned in this article, the availability of a wide variety of free-to-play NFT games shows that blockchain game apps are not reserved for the rich only. The NFT space has experienced so much growth in so little time, with the gaming sector, in particular, emerging as one of the frontiers for the present NFT movement. The last component is the SandBox Game Maker, a mechanism required to build 3D games inside the virtual metaverse for free. ![]() Then there is the SandBox Marketplace, where you can buy and sell fungible and non-fungible assets and game items created by other players. The first is Vo圎dit, which allows players to build and animate in-game 3D objects. This virtual world is powered by 3 major components. ![]() The idea is to promote user-generated content and gameplay by implementing a reward system that lets players retain the right to share or sell their creations (usually in-word objects) and digital real estate (also known as LANDS). The SandBox has created an Ethereum-based virtual metaverse where players can create assets, monetize them and partake in an immersive gaming experience. This is different from what we have in a majority of P2E platforms, where players that can buy the rarest and most powerful cards, avatars or weapons get to win at the expense of average players. The websites ensure that only players with similar rankings are matched together. Interestingly, Gods Unchained has opted for a design that establishes some level of fairness. Importantly, gamers’ chances of winning matchups depend on the strategy utilized by the player and the special traits of his cards. First, you have to win these player-versus-player matchups to earn Flux, which you can use to forge two duplicate trading cards and mint them on the Ethereum blockchain. However, note that the first sets of cards you will receive are not live on the blockchain. As a new player, you will be issued a set of cards, which you can use to battle other players with similar rankings. Like all NFT games, you can trade in-game assets, which in this case, are digital cards. All you need to do is play versus other players to climb the rankings and increase your chances of winning more quality cards. Gods Unchained is a trading card game based on the blockchain.
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Expandrive vs duplicati8/11/2023 ![]() Harry potter house quiz for kids how to#īefore new students at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry can set out on learning how to be real wizards, they attend the Sorting ceremony at the Great Hall, where they will be assigned to one of four houses named after the legendary founders of the academy, Gryffindor, Slytherin, Ravenclaw, and Hufflepuff.UPDATE: This comparison was based on ExpanDrive 5. ExpanDrive 6 has been released with some big changes. That is the question I am presently trying to work out, but to what end? Check out my review! I’ll be updating this article soon to represent a comparison between Odrive and ExpanDrive 6 #Expandrive vs duplicati how to Well, Odrive and ExpanDrive both provide unified access to your cloud providers as though they were local drives on your computer. What this means is that you can do away with file synchronisation and the need to store local copies of files.Īs an example, a typical Dropbox setup would have your Dropbox folder on your computer where you store everything. If your local hard drive gets full then you need to look at what you can remove by selectively synchronising the files you need and not the ones you don’t. The downside of this is that when you do need some of those files you chose to stop synchronising you have to either re-sync them or download them from the web interface, neither of which is ideal. Odrive and ExpanDrive take this and say ok, how about we just synchronise the files we need as we need them and until we need them they live in the cloud, thus freeing up lots of local disk space. In addition to that, they enable access in the same way to multiple cloud storage providers such as Amazon Drive, Google Drive, Amazon S3, OneDrive, Box and more. Which one is better, though? I don’t want to fork out cash for something I don’t use in the long run, and ultimately I’d like to use it across a few computers without paying extra. ![]() ![]() So my options for testing them out and purchasing are:ĮxpanDrive: 30 day trial with flat purchase fee. Odrive: Unlimited use of the free edition which makes available many core features but does leave out some important ones like encryption that come with a monthly subscription fee.īased on those options alone I prefer Odrive since I can test drive it as long as I want. So let’s actually compare their pricing and features. This was a little bit of a challenge to do fairly pre-testing because the ExpanDrive website really doesn’t list many features beyond the basic file access, transfer and supported storage options. After a bit of a conversation on Twitter, I was able to get most of the information that was missing from their website so I’ve tried to break them down as fairly as possible in the below table based on what their website says and noting what things came from Twitter. Once off $49.95 or$74.95 with lifetime upgradesįiles are accessed through their respective cloud folder inside the Odrive folder on your computer. It’s a desktop sync app that uses placeholders locally for all your files.
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Microsoft surface duo uk france uswarren8/11/2023 It is hard to believe that it can compete with smartphones with flexible screens, which are gradually gaining popularity. The smartphone received stylus support, but lacks NFC and 5G support. However, it seems the dual-screen Android device will. The camera resolution is only 11 megapixels. Microsoft has reportedly set a date of Februfor the launch of the Surface Duo in some European countries, as well as in Canada. The case has a thickness of 4.8 and 9.6 mm when opened and folded, respectively. The battery capacity is 3566mAh, there is support for 18-watt charging. The smartphone is built on the basis of the Snapdragon 855 SoC. The lighting rig collapsed overnight on April 1, forcing the studios clo- sure the next day. Launched in September 2020, the dual-display device had the original price tag of. ![]() The resolution of each panel is 1800 x 1350 pixels, the total resolution is 2700 x 1800 pixels. A ceiling has collapsed in West- woods Avon House studio. Microsoft’s smartphone-tablet hybrid Surface Duo is currently available for 679 including taxes in the UK. Surface Duo buyers get two 5.6-inch screens each. Hopefully, Microsoft will fix these issues by the European release of the device. The smartphone turned out to suffer various problems, the frame around the charging connector often cracks, and information about a weak signal and high latency in data transmission also appeared. ![]() Now Microsoft has officially confirmed that the company plans to launch its dual-screen phone in Canada, the UK, France and Germany in early 2021. In November, it was reported that Microsoft was planning to launch Surface Duo in other regions, starting in the European market. Microsoft claims this camera system should provide “exceptional low-light performance, and bigger depth of field”, while the demos during the announcement showed off some neat editing tricks making use of the dual displays.Microsoft confirms imminent European launch of its dual-screen Surface Duo ![]() There’s also support for 4K video shooting.įor selfies and Teams chat there’s also a 12MP f/2.0 front camera. On the back of the phone there are now three cameras: a 16MP f/2.2 ultra wide, 12MP f/1.7 wide with OIS and a 12MP tele camera for zooming. Wth the Duo 2, Microsoft is taking imaging far more seriously. Microsoft’s first folding Android phone had a measly single camera above the display and while we didn’t test it ourselves, the general feeling was that it wasn’t very good. Photography is usually one of the biggest features touted by smartphone makers whenever a new phone is released, however it wasn’t really the case for the Duo. This was gonna always going to be one of the most obvious improvements to the Duo 2 and we’re glad to see it. You’ll now be able to connect to 5G networks for faster downloads, more stable online gaming and more. 5G is finally hereĪnother benefit of that Snapdragon 888 chipset is that it adds support for 5G networks, a feature oddly missing on the original Duo. The Duo 2 has kept around the original’s support for the Surface Pen, which can attach magnetically to the top for storage. There’s Qi for wireless charging, NFC for mobile payments and the very capable Snapdragon 888 chipset powering the phone. With the upgrades to the Duo 2 it feels a lot more like the flagship phone it deserves to be. It was missing flagship stalwarts like Qi charging and NFC, while the Snapdragon 855 was a little long in the tooth. Microsoft announced the Surface Duo months before it actually got released, so when it hit shelves the internals were already outdated. ![]() In the USA it’ll set you back $1499 and arrive on the same date. In the UK, the Duo 2 will be available from October 21 starting at £1349. With the Surface Duo 2, Microsoft is fixing – at least in a hardware sense – the majority of those issues. While the Duo was certainly head-turning thanks to its bold dual-display design, it lacked a number of basic features for a phone that cost as much as it did. Microsoft has unveiled the Surface Duo 2, the successor to the original Duo device that brought the brand back into the Android phone space.
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Molecular diagnostics by lela buckingham8/11/2023 Now with an expanded discussion of nucleic acid sequencing, with added emphasis on next generation sequencing (NGS), and updated coverage of proteomics and mass spectrometry applications, your students will have the most current information available today. With a focus on the application of molecular concepts to diagnostic purposes, the text explains and illustrate the use and interpretation of molecular-based assays in patient care. current methods, and their clinical applications. This respected text will prepare your students with a grounding in the fundamental principles of molecular biology. Chapter 6: Nucleic Acid Amplification Molecular Diagnostics Lela Buckingham Flashcards Learn Test Match What are the 3 steps of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Click the card to flip 1. Molecular Diagnostics by Buckingham, Lela. 83.55, new condition, Sold by GreatBookPrices rated 4.0 out of 5 stars, ships from Columbia, MD. Molecular diagnostics continues to grow in importance in the clinical laboratory. Add to Cart Add this copy of Molecular Diagnostics: Fundamentals, Methods, and to cart. Meet the challenges of this rapidly expanding field Molecular Diagnostics: Fundamentals, Methods and Clinical Applications 2nd Edition by Buckingham PhD MB DLM (ASCP), Lela (2011) Paperback: Buckingham PhD MB DLM (ASCP): : Books Books Medical Books Allied Health Professions Buy new: 170.59 3.99 delivery May 8 - 12. Sure it helped me pass the exam."-JR, Amazon Reviewer Author-Editor: Lela Buckingham Crossed Out. ![]() "This is a must read for those laboratory professionals trying to advance their knowledge in molecular diagnostics especially for those people taking the MB(ASCP) exam. Molecular Diagnostics : Fundamentals, Methods and Clinical Applications, 3e. In addition, it describes very complexed concepts in a very easy way to understand including comprehensive diagrams."-Ruben G., Amazon Reviewer "Excellent book, full of details and clinical information. The only book you need to become certified. Methods, and Clinical Applications By Lela Buckingham Molecular Diagnostics: Fundamentals, Methods, and Clinical Applications Free read eBook. helped me to pass ASCP molecular bio certification exam."-Amazon Reviewer "Best book available if you want to learn about molecular techniques applied to clinical pathology."įive Stars. Medical ISBN 9780803668294 Molecular Diagnostics : Fundamentals, Methods, and Clinical Applications 3rd Author (s) Lela Buckingham Published 2019 Publisher F.A. Now with an expanded discussion of nucleic acid sequencing, with added emphasis on next generation sequencing (NGS), and updated coverage of proteomics and mass spectrometry applications, your students will have the most current information available today.Five Stars. This respected text will prepare your students with a grounding in the fundamental principles of molecular biology. Molecular diagnostics continues to grow in importance in the clinical laboratory. Meet the challenges of this rapidly expanding field ![]() Sure it helped me pass the exam."-JR, Amazon Reviewer Lela Buckingham and Maribeth Flaws have developed the most comprehensive text available for the study of molecular diagnostics in the clinical laboratory setting. "This is a must read for those laboratory professionals trying to advance their knowledge in molecular diagnostics especially for those people taking the MB(ASCP) exam. Meet the challenges of this rapidly expanding field Molecular diagnostics continues to grow in importance in the clinical laboratory. In addition, it describes very complexed concepts in a very easy way to understand including comprehensive diagrams."-Ruben G., Amazon Reviewer Chapter 6: Nucleic Acid Amplification Molecular Diagnostics Lela Buckingham Flashcards Learn Test Match What are the 3 steps of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Click the card to flip 1. Chapter 2: Gene Expression and Epigenetics Molecular Diagnostics Lela Buckingham. ![]() Chapter 6: Nucleic Acid Amplification Molecular Diagnostics Lela Buckingham. The only book you need to become certified. MB (ASCP) - Molecular Diagnostics Fundamentals and Methods. ![]() helped me to pass ASCP molecular bio certification exam."-Amazon Reviewer Molecular Diagnostics, 3rd Edition, (PDF) will prepare your students with a grounding in the basic principles of molecular biology. "Best book available if you want to learn about molecular techniques applied to clinical pathology."įive Stars.
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Vth nmos transistor8/11/2023 ![]() How CMOS leverages the advantages of PMOS and NMOS for a superior switching device.ĬMOS technology (shown above in an image sensor) marked the end of the PMOS vs. ![]() The early manufacturing difficulties of NMOS and its growth to prominence. The threshold voltages for the different substrate voltages are listed in the table below.The beginning of active switching elements and the transition to PMOS. The body effect parameter was obtained from: Where the flatband voltage without substrate bias, V T0, was already calculated in example 6.2. The threshold voltage at V BS = -2.5 V equals: Assume there is no fixed charge in the oxide or at the oxide-silicon interface. The capacitor has a substrate doping N a = 10 17 cm -3, a 20 nm thick oxide (ε ox = 3.9 ε 0) and an aluminum gate (Φ M = 4.1 V). This is due to the larger depletion layer width, which reduces the relative variation of the depletion layer charge along the channel.Ĭalculate the threshold voltage of a silicon nMOSFET when applying a substrate voltage, V BS = 0, -2.5, -5, -7.5 and -10 V. The difference however reduces as a more negative bulk-source voltage is applied. As the drain-source voltage at saturation is increased, there is an increasing difference between the drain current as calculated with each model. For a device biased at the threshold voltage, drain saturation is obtained at zero drain-to-source voltage so that the depletion layer width is constant along the channel. Square root of I D versus the gate-source voltage as calculated using the quadratic model (upper curves) and the variable depletion layer model (lower curves).įirst, we observe that the threshold shift is the same for both models. The expected characteristics, as calculated using the quadratic model and the variable depletion layer model, are shown in Figure 7.4.2. The variation of the threshold voltage with the applied bulk-to-source voltage can be observed by plotting the transfer curve for different bulk-to-source voltages. Where Γ is the body effect parameter given by: The threshold difference due to an applied source-bulk voltage can therefore be expressed by: This results in a modified expression for the threshold voltage, as given by: ![]() The voltage difference between the source and the bulk, V BS changes the width of the depletion layer and therefore also the voltage across the oxide due to the change of the charge in the depletion region. The voltage applied to the back contact affects the threshold voltage of a MOSFET. A variation of the flatband voltage due to oxide charge will cause a reduction of both threshold voltages if the charge is positive and an increase if the charge is negative. The threshold of nMOSFETs increases with doping while the threshold of pMOSFETs decreases with doping in the same way. The threshold of both types of devices is slightly negative at low doping densities and differs by 4 times the absolute value of the bulk potential. Threshold voltage of n-type (upper curve) and p-type (lower curve) MOSFETs versus substrate doping density. The threshold voltage dependence on the doping density is illustrated with Figure 7.4.1 for both n-type and p-type MOSFETs with an aluminum gate metal. The threshold voltage of a p-type MOSFET with an n-type substrate is obtained using the following equations: Where the flatband voltage, V FB, is given by: The threshold voltage equals the sum of the flatband voltage, twice the bulk potential and the voltage across the oxide due to the depletion layer charge, or: In this section we summarize the calculation of the threshold voltage and discuss the dependence of the threshold voltage on the bias applied to the substrate, called the substrate bias effect. 7.4 Threshold voltage 7.4.1. Threshold voltage calculation 7.4.2. The substrate bias effect |